In 2018, the total gross domestic spending on research and development (GERD) amounted to around 32.1 billion Egyptian pounds. Institutions of higher education spent the most on research and development (R&D), reaching roughly 21.9 billion Egyptian pounds (1.4 billion U.S. dollars), which was a share of over 68 percent. Moreover, the government followed with an expenditure of 9.01 billion Egyptian pounds (574.99 million U.S. dollars) on R&D.
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector
(in million Egyptian pounds)
The source explains that: "Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period."
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (March 1, 2021). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds)." Chart. March 1, 2021. Statista. Accessed November 10, 2024. https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds). Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: November 10, 2024. https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (Gerd) in Egypt as of 2018, by Sector (in Million Egyptian Pounds)." Statista, Statista Inc., 1 Mar 2021, https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) Statista, https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/ (last visited November 10, 2024)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) [Graph], UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 1, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
